Wall Street Journal Opinion Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wall Street Journal Opinion Article - Essay Example This is because this could automatically affect the GDP of the countries in which the investors originate from. The greatest effect was felt from the withdrawal of the world’s super power-America’s bank-Merrill Linch. The bank had anticipated a GDP rise of about 7.6% but due to the drawback they were now expecting a rise of about 7.2% (Ellison 74).They therefore withdrew from China so as to maintain a steady economy in their country. However the bank’s management stated that they did not expect China to experience financial strain or even suffer a drop in their economy as a result of the drawback (Ellison 78). They also added that the Chinese government has the opportunity to stabilize their economy despite the unfolding that took place. However, there is still risk of these potential investors to withdraw from the business as it is expected that the growth forecast of Nomura Company will drop to 7.3% from7.5%.The CNBC further presumed that this may pose risk to the annual target of the company that was at 7.4% (Ellison 67).Conversely from a press release of an official government statement, investors were assured that the country would still be able to maintain their economic growth within reasonable limits despite the drawback that had occurred. The government official added that the debt risks of the county were manageable and that they would have no instances of default despite there being evidence that one company had defaulted (Ellison 69). According to data obtained from a survey conducted by the Fact sheet, it was noted that since July 2010, this was the first time that copper products were being sold below $ 3a pound (Ellison 76). This is critical to investors who have engaged in the business as this is termed as spoilt business on their part. This is because they cannot be able to sell their products at high prices

Saving Private Ryan Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Saving Private Ryan - Movie Review Example A subjective point of view usually shows the viewer what the main character is experiencing in the story. To create this point of view, Spielberg had to show us shots of Captain Miller looking at something and then shows us how the captain reacts to what the captain witnesses. This subjective point of view, not only appears during the first epic battle scene but also in other battle scenes throughout the film. There is another remarkable battle scene later in the film where the soldiers encounter German troops in the bombed-out remains of a French town. Spielberg is keen to show the viewer that men who fight in the war put their life on the line for others, not for heroism, but because it is their duty to do so. He clarifies this point by using Captain Miller’s point of view. Miller is a delightful, soft-spoken individual that experiences the horrifying violence of the battle scene as he sees other soldiers lose their lives. As the leader of his group, Captain Miller lets us i n on the importance of winning the war and at the same time shows the viewer on his determination to complete his mission of saving Ryan’s life so that he can go back home. Question 2 One controlling motif in the film is the use of noise and silence. This motif is clearly brought out especially since Spielberg uses Captain Miller’s point of view. ... This happens during the first battle scene on the beach where a soldier tries to ask him for orders, and he snaps out of the silence back to the noise. The elimination of sound is an effective expression of Captain Miller’s state of mind at that time. It could be logically significant because his hearing could have been damaged by the blasting noise of the battle machines, or a psychological trauma of his emotional pain. This motif helps to enhance the subjectivity of the film as well as the theme of courage. In a way, a soldier has to face his opponents and to Miller blocking out all the noise so as to see things clearly helps him to be courageous to face the battle. By alternating between the noise and silence during battle, Spielberg shows his mastery of sound editing while he lets the viewer experience what the soldiers are going through on the battlefield. It is doubtless to say the Spielberg expertly uses this motif to enhance the theme of the film as well as carry the v iewer through the battle experience. Question 3 Spielberg uses Tom Hanks as Captain Miller and in doing so succeeds in portraying him as a human. He conveys his humanity through his ability to lead his group of men in their quest to save the life of one man. In doing so, they need to stay alive amid exploding bombs and flying bullets. Captain Miller knows that it is necessary to win the war but what drives him is the desire to survive it all and go home to his wife and family. This desire drives him to complete his mission because he knows that family is an extremely fundamental aspect of one’s life.  

UK Policies to Prevent Online Spam

UK Policies to Prevent Online Spam â€Å"Spam is one of the most significant challenges facing the Internet today. Its rapid growth threatens the convenience and efficiency of electronic messages and undermines user confidence online more generally. Thus the very purpose of the Internet is under threat.† â€Å"In light of the above statement critically evaluate the terms of the United Kingdom’s Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulations and assess the effectiveness of those provisions in defeating the ‘challenges’ of spam.† Introduction No sensible challenge can be mounted to the arguments that spam e –mails are both a monumental threat to the integrity of a computer system and a more generalised nuisance in typical day to day access to the Internet. However, the title question addresses only one half of the current issues associated with spam. The purpose attributed to the Internet is not solely that of the individual Internet user. Commercial activity is an equally valid component of Internet use. Spam as a targeted threat carrying a multitude of potential viruses, spy ware and other insidious digital attackers is properly characterised as a menace to be deterred. Spam as a direct marketing tool is in theory a far more innocuous concept. The fundamental issue to be addressed is whether an appropriate balance can be struck between these interests, ones that are not competing positions so much as they are disparate. It shall be submitted the UK Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulations (â€Å"the Regulations†) are an entirely inadequate response to the issues posed by Internet spam. Spam defined Spam is generally defined as undesired e-mail or junk e –mail; the common attributes to spam are bulk mailings from a typically corporate source, often employing techniques such as anonymizing servers and other methods to mask the sender’s web address or identity. At a more innocuous level, spam is a bulk mailing that indiscriminately advertises or promotes a commercial product such as erectile dysfunction medication or the promotion of ‘hot’ stock market tips. In its most repulsive format, the spam may be either pornographic in content, an inducement to fraudulent activity or it may contain viruses or other harmful attributes that damage or disable the recipient’s computer. Spam is a consumer of significant system bandwidth and has the capacity to damage large scale computer networks.[1] The financial cost of spam are also profound, both in terms of direct tolls taken on computer systems and the indirect seepage of productivity in workplaces where spam must be deleted from employee mailboxes on a seemingly incessant basis.[2] The weapons available to the individual computer user with Internet access to combat spam are relatively straightforward, including: never opening e-mails received from unknown mail addresses equipping the computer with anti-spam filtering software, virus protection, and firewalls Many direct marketing advocates suggest that these simple remedies are ample protection against the unscrupulous; further government regulation represents an unwarranted inhibition of their commercial efforts, analogous to a â€Å"No Soliciting† sign in a front door residential window[3]. It is submitted that the question is not nearly so simple. Notwithstanding the sophistication of anti-spam technology, estimates as to the volume of spam received at both workplace computers and residential addresses ranges from 30 percent to 80 percent of all e-mail received in the UK.[4] The Regulations, 2003 The Regulations were a much anticipated UK governmental weapon when they were enacted in September, 2003. The UK computer industry hailed the Regulations as â€Å"spam busters†[5] that were anticipated to both result in prosecutions of the most prevalent spammers and create a more healthful UK commuting environment. The Regulations were designed to bring the UK into compliance with the European Community Directive concerning electronic marketing, Directive 2002/58/EC.[6] The EC Directive stressed a balance between the harmonization of regulation between member states in the interest of commercial efficiency and the enhancement of citizen privacy rights. The Regulations were not restricted to spam. The provisions also restrict the manner in which such digital techniques as cookies (the HTTP method of tracking and authenticating user data), traffic data, and public directories. The act of clicking ones computer mouse to open a spam transmission can potentially provide significant cookie data to the spammer. The industry optimism of 2003 was replaced by blunt scepticism as to the efficacy of the Regulations by late 2004. The same industry insiders who had lauded the Regulations on their introduction now panned them as ineffective, as no prosecutions had been launched pursuant to the Regulations.[7] Questions were raised as to whether the UK government was truly committed to the spam battle due to the suggested under funding of the enforcement aspects of the Regulations.[8] The Regulations as promulgated could never have fulfilled their promise due to the structure of the e-mail provisions of the Regulation. The relevant portions of s. 22 the Regulation and commentary are set out below: 1) This regulation applies to the transmission of unsolicited communications by means of electronic mail to individual subscribers.† The Regulation is therefore not applicable to the regulation of corporate and commercial users of the Internet. 2) Except in the circumstances referred to in paragraph (3), a person shall neither transmit†¦ unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, †¦the sender. If (2) stood alone in the Regulations, the individual user would have a reasonable line of protection against spam, provided that the user had not previously consented to the transmission 3)(3) A person may send or instigate the sending of electronic mail for the purposes of direct marketing where that person has obtained the contact details of the recipient †¦in the course of the sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient; the direct marketing is in respect of that persons similar products and services only; and the recipient has been given a simple means of refusing (free of charge except for the costs of the transmission of the refusal) the use of his contact details for the purposes of such direct marketing,† Subsection (3) serves to create an exception to the consumer protection afforded through (2) so as to render the section ineffective. The spam mailer can conceivably obtain the contact particulars of the recipient in a myriad of ways, all of which are unknown to the recipient but entirely legal. The expression ‘similar products and services’ is so broad as to suggest that the subjective opinion of the spammer would be a complete answer to any complaint. The UK initiative is however not without potential merit. The UK authorities have suggested that the UK ISPs are denying the spammers a place in their networks out the outset and that the Regulation sin this direct fashion are having a desired effect. [9] The provisions in the Regulations concerning facsimile transmissions as direct marketing are of interesting in this context. Facsimiles may not be used to direct market goods unless the subscriber has provided their prior consent; the facsimile provisions are more protective of the individual user’s privacy.[10] Other options? As apparently toothless as the Regulations may be in practice, the other options available on a strictly UK based regulatory footing are very modest. The individual Internet user who is bombarded with spam has no practical alternatives – the potential common law tort remedies of invasion of privacy, intentional interference in economic relations, or the pursuit of an injunction have at best a theoretical appeal; the cost of mounting such actions is likely prohibitive. A corporate complainant has the same concerns as the individual user in terms of legal costs, coupled with the realization that the targets will in all likelihood be far removed from UK legal jurisdiction unless the various reciprocity provisions of the European Community might be engaged, a prospect that assumes EC domicile for the target spammer. The only viable legal remedy is an extension of the international co-operation exhibited through the response to the Council of Europe Treaty on Cyber Crime, ratified by 33 European nations and signed by four international states to date.[11] It is plain that so long as computers and their requisite networks may be situated anywhere on Earth, a concerted expansion of regulatory efforts is the only true manner in which spam can be regulated. A number of recent commentators, including Bazelon[12]have stressed that computer systems, the most global of entities ever created, will require a correspondingly sophisticated transnational legal framework to counter all forms of computer crime. While spam is not always considered a criminal product, the loss of both productivity and computer enjoyment, compounded by user fears of the compromise of their private information, make the concept of an international spam treaty an imperative. The distinction between the European Treaty of Cyber Crime and the distinct provisions regarding spam as enacted in the Regulations and the initial EC Directive are the fundamental distinction between the readily identifiable criminal computer act, such as the dissemination of child pornography or the perpetration of identity theft, and the clear commercial flavour imparted to the European regulation of spam. It is submitted that given the potential for misuse and criminality inherent in spam, international powers to combat its spread would be significantly furthered if spam were simply treated as a lesser but included form of cyber crime activity, while holding out the ability to regulate its transmission in carefully defined and legitimate business and commercial settings. In this sense, the prospects of true international enforcement of anti-spam legislation would be enhanced if never perfect. The elevation in the status of spam to a true crime might also carry a significant level of deterrence in the activity that is clearly not present through the enforcement of the current Regulations. It must also be noted that another avenue exists to encourage the promotion of spam as a criminal act. The G-8 group of nations, of which the UK is a member, has an existing protocol for the sharing of law enforcement information regarding computer crime. Conclusions Spam currently rests in an enforcement netherworld – a well defined problem, a significant irritant, but like the weather, no one evidently can do much about it in the current Regulatory climate. Spam solutions will be ones of stark choice – either a ‘grin and bear it’ Internet consumer attitude, with an assumption of risk that requires the taking of all necessary personal precautions for home computer safety, or encourage the UK to broaden the reach of international cyber crime enforcement to tackle spam as an adjunct to existing computer crime initiatives. Bibliography Bazelon, Dana L et al â€Å"Computer Crimes Journal† American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 43, 2006 , 1 Dickinson, David â€Å"An Architect for Spam Regulation: Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 57, 2004 Crews, C.W ‘The Government should not ban E-Mail spam’ In: The Internet – Opposing Viewpoints, James D. Torr, Ed. (New York: Thomson Gale, 2005) Edlind, Peter J. and David Naylor / Morrison Forester LLP â€Å"United Kingdom: The United Kingdom Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003† 09 March 2004 Munir, A.B. â€Å"Unsolicited Commercial E-Mai: Implementing the EU Directive (2004)† Computer and Telecommunications Law Review, Vol. 10, Issue 5 Nordlinger, Jay, ‘The government should ban E-mail spam’, In: The Internet – Opposing Viewpoints, James D. Torr, Ed. (New York: Thomson Gale, 2005) Silicon.com â€Å"UK soft on spam† (August 11, 2005) http://www.silicon.com/research/specialreports/thespamreport/0,39025001,39151286,00.htm (accessed January 21, 2007) ZDnet â€Å"UK law smashes consumer spam† (September 18, 2003) http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39116473,00.htm (Accessed January 20, 2007) ZDnet â€Å"UK law failing to nail spammers† (December 13, 2004) http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39181034,00.htm (Accessed January 20, 2007) Table of Regulations Directive 2002/58/EC, (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) The United Kingdom Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 1 Footnotes [1]1 An excellent and concise technical description of the manner in which spam is transmitted and the problems that result is found at Dickinson, David â€Å"An Architect for Spam Regulation: Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 57, 2004 [2] Global estimates as to spam related losses exceed $20 billion [3] C.W. Crews ‘The Government should not ban E-Mail spam’, 149 [4] Jay Nordlinger,‘The government should ban E-mail spam’, 141 [5] ZDnet â€Å"UK law smashes consumer spam†, (September 18, 2003)1 [6] Directive 2002/58/EC, (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) 5 ZDnet â€Å"UK law failing to nail spammers† (December 13, 2004) 1 6 Ibid, 2 [7] [8] [9] ZDnet December 13, 2004, 1 [10] S.20, Regulations [11] Bazelon, Dana L et al â€Å"Computer Crimes Journal† American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 43, 2006 , 1 [12] ibid

Comparing The Buried Life and A Room Of Ones Own :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The Buried Life and A Room Of One's Own      Ã‚  Ã‚   Victorian writers did ask difficult and unsettling questions, and the modern writers continued on with the quest to display these unsettling thoughts and feelings in their works even more so. You can see this continuing easy from "The Buried Life," to the ideas of "A Room Of One's Own."    In "The Buried Life," Arnold questions why men in society bury their emotions and innermost thoughts from one another like they are the only one's with these qualities, even though every man has them: "I knew the mass of men concealed their thoughts, for fear that if they revealed they would by other men be met with blank indifference, or with blame reproved; I knew they lived and moved tricked in disguises, alien to the rest of men, and alien to themselves--and yet the same heart beats in every human breast" (p.2021). He doesn't understand why this is the case, and believes humanity would be better if we let this buried life out of its cage to be free, freeing us to be our true selves. The way to reach this goal is through open love by a fellow human being: "When a beloved hand is placed on ours...the heart lies plain, and what we mean, we say" (p. 2201).    In "A Room Of One's Own," Woolf questions society's view on how geniuses of art are created. She shows that this is a natural gift, but it is one that can either be stifled or let prosper and grow, depending on how the members in society rule and treat the artist with the gift. She says that these artists need to be allowed to garner in knowledge in order to feed their ideas for their art, and they must be allowed to be free in mind and spirit so that they can create their masterpieces: "The mind of an artist, in order to achieve the prodigious effort of freeing whole and entire the work that is in him, must be incandescent...There must be no obstacle in it, no foreign matter unconsumed" (p. 2472).    As you can see, both of these works question society in the matter of chaining up it's members true feelings and ideas.

What Justice Means to Me

In social institutions, justice is the very first virtue. On the other hand, truth would be considered to be of systems of thought. In the case of theories, certain revisions could be done if it is found to be untrue. Even if the theory seems to sound elegantly, changes would be required on it. The same thing applies to laws and institutions. If these laws and institutions are untrue, they would be reformed, or worst, they would be abolished. Utilitarianism states that a moral action is the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest number of people† (Mill, 1863). But each and every individual has the ability to discern based on justice that the wellbeing of a whole society does not often overrule the wellbeing of its citizen. Justice rejects the idea that an individual could lose his freedom for the benefit of the other individuals. In a society, justice must provide the equality which the citizen or the people should receive. Their rights should be protected by justice and that inequalities are reduced, if not totally removed (Rawls, 1999). Justice for me is fairness. It is a way to give the things that is due to a person or an individual who experiences unjust treatment. Each and every individual should experience equality especially with regards to rights and liberty, comparable to that which is experienced by other people. In addition to this, if there is the presence of social and economic inequalities, it should be reformed. The inequalities should be arranged in a manner as to be rationally anticipated to be to everyone’s advantage. Also, it should be fixed as to make positions or offices open to everybody, and not only to a specific individual or group of individuals. In a case stated by Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez, an individual named Beatrice Norton who was fourteen years old worked in a cotton mill just like her mother. Few years after, she had stopped from working due to problems with regards to her health. Exposure to the cotton dust in the cotton mill had resulted to a disease called â€Å"brown lung†. â€Å"Brown lung† can is a chronic disease, and if it gets out of hand, it could be fatal. The symptoms of brown lung are similar to asthma and emphysema. Due to this disease, she was not able to work anymore and provide money for herself and to her family. As such, she asks for the government’s help in giving justice to what she had experienced. More specifically, she wanted to receive stability compensations from the government. Another case talks about Mrs. Vinnie Ellison’s husband who also worked in a cotton mill. Her husband had experienced difficulties in breathing and her husband’s health was in serious problem fulfilling his job due to this. Mrs. Ellison’s husband was fired because of this. Aside from being jobless, Mrs. Ellison’s husband had no pension, as such, they had difficulty living (Andre and Velasquez, Spring 1990). In these two incidents or cases, both Beatrice Norton and Mrs. Vinnie Elison, only wanted what is due to them or to their loved one. They wanted to be treated equally or fairly as to what they had experienced. They had worked for the cotton mill for years and morally speaking, the victims should be given compensations or financial help. In this way, their efforts, labor and loyalty to the company could be rewarded. In a just society, they should not be treated indifferently and that justice should protect them as well, just like how it protects other laborers or workers experiencing other diseases. As a Criminal Justice professional, I would see to it that they would be given what’s due to them. I would try to investigate and check if there’s any fault, mistake, neglects or shortcomings done by either Beatrice Norton and Mrs. Vinnie Elison or the cotton mill. I could readily give help or assistance to the victims of the â€Å"brown lung† in receiving at least a small compensation to pay for their medications. The improvement of their health could also be pushed through as deliberations and investigations go on. I would also help in granting pension to these victims if it is found that they had not committed any shortcomings as to endanger their own selves to the disease. In the case of the cotton mill, I could assist them in finding a suitable compensation or pension for the victims without incurring much loss to the mill. Their policies could also be revised in order to adapt to these problems in the future. Certain safety regulations can be pushed through the court for the cotton mill to create or improve existing health or safety regulations so that the well-being of the workers could be addressed. If the court finds that the victims did not follow such regulations then, they may not receive what they want fully since it is not due to them. Distributing wealth and good things in life that is equally deserved by one could be thought through common sense be given based on moral desert. Justice is happiness according to virtue. While it is recognized that this ideal can never be fully carried out, it is the appropriate conception of distributive justice, at least as a prima facie. As a Criminal Justice professional that considers that justice is fairness, this conception is already eliminated or disregarded. Identifying the necessary criteria in this situation seems to be impossible. In addition to this, from the point of view of distributing according to virtue, moral desert and legitimate expectations are neither eminent nor identifiable. Therefore, it can be a fact that individuals who take part in certain arrangements receive claims from one another because of the existing agreements which were made. In the case of the â€Å"brown lung† cancer, certain agreements could be arranged in order to come up with a fair decision that would not push one side to the losing end. By creating an agreement between the two conflicting identities, they could receive claims and equality or fairness can be served. Furthermore, the principles of justice as fairness that maintains a fundamental structure do not pertain to moral desert. Through justice as fairness, there would be no predisposition of share distribution that would keep up a correspondence with it.

Environment that learners find at international schools

The environment that scholars find them self in at international schools and national school is invariably altering and going more diverse than of all time. The international school in Geneva has 123 different nationalities with 89 different female parent lingua linguistic communications represented within its pupil organic structure with 32 different nationalities ( Internationals School of Geneva, Annual Report 2010 ) within its teaching staff. This type of broad runing diverseness in school bodes is really common topographic point in international schools and can besides be found in any learning environment, ‘As long as human societies have been in contact with each other, voluntarily or involuntarily, there have been cross-cultural learning state of affairss ‘ ( Hofstede ( 1986 pp 302 ) . For scholars to the successful, in a truly international environment the pupils have to hold the competency to larn, work and map in an intercultural environment. It is those persons whom have this competency to larn, work and map in intercultural environments whom are successful scholars in international schools and multicultural environments. The ability of pupils to carry on them self ‘s across intercultural environments is hence critical for their success as scholars at the international school across the universe. The averment that I have made, I am reasoning that the cultural commixture of pupils is holding an consequence on acquisition of pupils and more specifically that the cultural environment that larning occurs in, has an consequence on acquisition. In the USA there is grounds to back up the averment. The President ‘s enterprise on race, quoted by Cushner et Al ( 2003 ) shows that the proportions of populations to complete high school indicated that pupils from exterior of a white cultural group where perceptibly down ( Whites 93 % , Blacks 87 % and Hispanics ‘ 62 % ) . There is besides a huge sum of research into cultural attacks to larning and instruction which help explicate why pupil from exterior of the dominate civilization appear to underachieve in larning environments. So if there is an some consequence on acquisition has this been explored in research? Hofstede ( 1980, 1986 ) formed cardinal factors when looking at cultural differences to educational relationships. Hofstede ‘s survey of over 50 counties and includes 116000 participants, proposes a 4-D theoretical account to explicate cultural difference in work related Fieldss and has applied them to intercultural larning environments. Hofstede ‘s theoretical account proposes the undermentioned four factors that effects larning across cultural boundaries ; 1. Differences in the societal places of instructors and pupils in the two societies ; 2. Differences in the relevancy of the course of study ( developing content ) for the two societies ; 3. Differences in profiles of cognitive abilities between the populations from which instructor and pupil are drawn ; 4. Differences in expected forms of teacher/student and student/student interaction. Hofstede ( 1986 ) besides goes on to problematize linguistic communication, being that frequently instructors and pupils ( or equals within the learning state of affairs ) do non hold the same female parent lingua. Hofstede argued that linguistic communication is a vehicle of civilization and that understanding in a 2nd linguistic communication is kindred to seeking to understand in a different civilization, ‘Language categorizes world harmonizing to its corresponding civilization ‘ ( Hofstede 1986 pp 314 ) . Hofstede argues that uneffective acquisition occurs when persons are non taught via their female parent tong. Some significance is lost in either direct interlingual rendition or the within the cultural context the acquisition is happening in. It is the writer ‘s personal position that from experience the grade of girl apprehension is non every bit big as expressed by Hofstede. Many pupils in the International school of Geneva operate outside of their female pa rent tong and have a high grade of success in larning. The writer notes nevertheless that this is non ever the instance, as the bulk of the pupils are bilingual or trilingual and their ability degree in the linguistic communication of direction is equal to those of female parent tong in the linguistic communication of direction. Clearly Hofsede research, and therefore the 4-D theoretical account, have a really strong international experimental bases, a really big participant base ( 116,000 participants ) , from 50 counties from around the Earth. However the research is non without its bounds. First the initial research ( Hofsede 1980 ) was conducted within a individual administration, ( an American high investigator. Company ) which operates in over 40 states around the universe at the clip of the research. Although this gives entree to a big international pool of participants the research will be limited to the administration in which the research is conducted in. Furthermore the findings of the research will besides hold some biased. The administration its ego will hold an built-in civilization. All of the participants will be affected by that inceptions civilization and will in bend affect the findings of the research. Sulkowski and Deakin ( 2009 ) add to Hofsede ‘s theoretical account with more up to day of the month research in a more relevant acquisition ( instruction ) scene. The research aligned its ego closely to the theoretical account proposed by Hofsede and others, ‘The same decisions have emerged from old surveies conducted by meatman and McGrath ( 2004 ) , Smith and Smith ( 1999 ) and Ward ( 2001 ) ‘ ( Sulkowski and Deakin 2009 p157 ) . It is clear so that Hofsede ‘s 4-D which leads to cultural factors that can impact larning hold really strong empirical grounds. The educational applications of Hofsede ‘s theoretical account are questionable nevertheless. The theoretical account goes a long off is explain and depicting the cultural factors that can impact instruction. However it is of limited usage for a instructor with a extremely diverse category to cognize that one group of pupils with a more collectivized cultural background will ‘place more accent on bettering their standing with their equals than pupils from individualistic civilization who were found to move mostly out of self involvement ‘ ‘ ( Sulkowski and Deakin 2009 p157 ) . There is small practical aid for a instructor in such an illustration and it more is likely to take the instructor to pigeonhole the pupils and to move on the stereotypes in the schoolroom scene. Sulkowski and deakins ( 2009 ) suggest that the divergences from expected values indicate that bing conceptualisation of civilization in trying the explain behavior merely have limited usage in diagnostic value in term of pupil behavior. It is the writers ain sentiment that by specifying groups and learner profiles of patriot and if possible cultural groups within national countries is of limited value for instructors. As stated above it can take to stereotypes and farther more lead to apathy amongst instructors, believing that a pupil is non larning successfully, imputing this to a cultural aspect of the pupil and therefore relieving the instructor of the job of sing that the pupil is successful at acquisition. Hofsefe ‘s research dosage nevertheless give a position to problematize cultural with regard to a acquisition environment. The research aslo give an empirical prejudices for my averment that larning in an intercultural environment can be harmful to an persons acquisition, if non controlled and managed efficaciously by the scholar or those taking to back up the scholar ( such as instructors ) . To get the better of the issues raised by his ain theoretical account Hofsefe ( 1986 ) proposed two solutions. First instructors can either absorb all of the pupils into the instructor ‘s civilization of the category room ( learn all pupils how to larn within the instructors civilization ) or learn the instructor how to learn such a cultural diverse category. There is besides a 3rd option ; we can educate the scholars to go intercultrually competent. The definition of an interculturally competent individual is a combative issue within literature and will be discussed farther on. This so raise the undermentioned inquiries, what is understood by the term interculturally competent? How do persons go interculturaly competent? Those inquiries besides lead us to reply a inquiry foremost posed by Gardner ( 1962 ) ; ‘To what extent is it really possible for an expert from one civilization to pass on with, to acquire though to, individuals from antoher civilization? ‘ ( Gardner 1962 pp241 ) In reply to his ain inquiries Gardner ( 1962 ) suggested that there a some persons equipped with an unusual ability for intercultural communicating with other traits that contribute to that success such as unity, stableness, extraversion, socialization in cosmopolitan values and including particular intuitive and even telepathic abilities ( pp248 ) . Although Gardner ‘s theory ‘s have come into strong unfavorable judgment ( Waterhouse 2006 ) the observation that some people are more able in intercultural state of affairss ( persons whom are deemed to be interculturally compotnet ) to execute in some action over others has lead to a big sum of research. To be able to specify what interculturally competence the term civilization besides needs specifying foremost. Culture is a combative issue within literature and society. However for persons to go intercultrualy competent you must first understand what you are traveling to interact with. The first usage of the term civilization with respect to anthropology was in 1871 by Tylor ( quoted in Berry et al 2004 ) who defines civilization as ; ‘That complex whole which includes cognition, believe, art, ethical motives, Torahs, imposts and any other capablenesss and wonts acquired by adult male as a member of society ‘ The planetary literature has ‘literally 100s of definitions ‘ ( Cushner et al 2003 P 36 ) from a really broad scope of subjects. However the original thought of civilization from above has little changed in the position of the writer. However the writer acknowledges that there are more compendious definitions of civilization. For simplification for this essay the writer will take Berry et al 2004 ‘s definition of civilization as the ‘way of life of a group of people ‘ ( p229 Berry et al 2004 ) . The writer besides acknowledges that the definition of civilization that is used to specify intercultural competency will impact the very definition of intercultural competency in the literature. This will so be discussed as I progress towards a definition of intercultural competency and its conceptualisations. Development of Intercultural competency in research and definitions started in the 1950 ‘s and onwards with research into westerners working abroad. The early research focused on accounts for dislocations in transverse cultural communicating between persons which can normally happen in multicultural larning environments such as Internationals schools. The early research used appraisal of persons ‘ attitudes, personalities, values and motivations assessed though self studies, studies or open-ended interviews. Ruben ( 1989 ) defines the result of early research in intercultural competency concentrating on 4 cardinal factors ; To explicate abroad failure To foretell abroad success To develop forces choice schemes To plan, implement and trial sojourner preparation and readying methodological analysiss Developed from Ruben ( 1989 p230 ) Adding to this reappraisal of early surveies ( quoted from Cushner et al 2003 ) , looking in to the features of people who were competent and life and working across a civilization boundary suggested that the intercultually competent have 3 qualities in common ; Ability to pull off the psychological emphasis that occurs during most intercultural interactions Ability to pass on efficaciously across cultural boundaries The ability to develop and keep new and indispensable interpersonal relationships. ( Cushner et al 2003 P 121 ) Use this to larning†¦ utile? review this model- usage Rubens theoretical account†¦ So what so is intercultural competency? Bennett ( 2008 ) states that 'emerging consensus around what constitutes intercultural competency, which is most frequently viewed as a set of cognitive, affectional and behavioral accomplishments and features that support effectual and appropriate interaction in a assortment of cultural contexts ( p97 ) . Fantini ( 2006 ) adds to this definition of intercultural compotence as â€Å" a composite of abilities needed to execute efficaciously and suitably when interacting with others who are linguistically and culturally different from oneself † ( p. 12, accent in original ) . Throughout the literature, research workers and theorists use a scope of more or less related footings to discourse and depict intercultural competency, including intercultural communicative competency ( ICC ) , transcultural communicating, cross-cultural version, and intercultural sensitiveness, among others ( Fantini, 2006 ) . What all of these footings attempt to account for is the ability to step beyond one ‘s ain civilization and map with other persons from culturally diverse backgrounds. By manner of illustration, Table 1 nowadayss 19 footings that have been used as options for discoursing intercultural competency. Though frequently used interchangeably with the most frequent labels of intercultural competency, intercultural communicative competency, intercultural sensitiveness, and cross-cultural version, each option besides implies different attacks that are frequently merely implicitly addressed in research. Table 1. Alternate footings for intercultural communicative competency ( ICC ) ( Adapted from Fantini, 2006, Appendix D ) transcultural communicating international communicating ethnorelativity cross-cultural communicating intercultural interaction biculturalism cross-cultural consciousness intercultural sensitiveness multiculturalism planetary competitory intelligence intercultural cooperation pluralingualism planetary competency cultural sensitiveness effectual inter-group communicating cross-cultural version cultural competency international competency communicative competency Hammer, Bennet, and Wiseman ( 2003 ) attempted to get the better of some of the fog of ICC definitions by pulling a major differentiation between intercultural sensitiveness and intercultural competency. From their position, intercultural sensitiveness is â€Å" the ability to know apart and see relevant cultural differences † whereas intercultural competency is â€Å" the ability to believe and move in interculturally appropriate ways † ( p. 422 ) . Their differentiation between cognizing and making in interculturally competent ways offers a fitting preliminary to the subjects that have emerged from most modern-day work on ICC. Fantini ‘s definition is more utile to pedagogues. The ability of pupils to ‘perform efficaciously and suitably ‘ in a learning environment or state of affairs where there are many civilizations represented and which are lending to the acquisition will hold a profound consequence on the result of the success of the acquisition. This definition developed from the literature leads in to theoretical accounts that can be used to develop intercultural competency relevant to bettering pupil ‘s successes rates at larning in multicultural or international school environments. Given the above definition how so is intercultural competency best conceptualized and measured? One of the earliest comprehensive model was Ruben ‘s behavioral attack to the conceptualisation and measuring of intercultural communicative competency ( Ruben, 1976 ; Ruben & A ; Kealey, 1979 ) . Rubens theoretical account is different to the personality or more single attacks, which have limited usage for pedagogues being that the cognition of the personality traits required for intercultural competency dosage non take into intercessions to develop intercultural competency. Ruben ‘s theoretical account ( Ruben, 1976 ; Ruben & A ; Kealey, 1979 ) focused on a behavioral attack to intercultural competency by taking to believe the spread between cognizing and making. Ruben focused on the relationship between what single know to be interculturally competent and what those persons are really making in intercultural state of affairss. Ruben ( 1976 ) argued that to understand behaviors linked to intercultural state of affairss steps of competence needed to reflect an ‘individual ‘s ability to expose constructs in his behavior instead than purposes, apprehensions, cognition ‘s, attitudes, or desires † ( p. 337 ) . Ruben so used observations of persons in state of affairss similar to those in which they have received anterior preparation for or choice for, and utilizing the public presentation as predicators for similar hereafter state of affairss. Based on findings in the literature and his ain work, Ruben ( 1976 ) identified seven dimensions of intercultural competency: Display of regard describes an person ‘s ability to â€Å" show regard and positive respect † for other persons. Interaction position refers to an person ‘s ability to â€Å" react to others in a descriptive, non-evaluative, and nonjudgmental manner. † Orientation to knowledge describes an person ‘s ability to â€Å" acknowledge the extent to which cognition is single in nature. † In other words, orientation to knowledge describes an person ‘s ability to acknowledge and admit that people explain the universe around them in different ways with differing positions of what is â€Å" right † and â€Å" true. † Empathy is an person ‘s ability to â€Å" set [ himself ] in another ‘s places. † Self-oriented function behavior expresses an person ‘s ability to â€Å" be flexible and to map in [ initiating and harmonising ] functions. † In this context, originating refers to bespeaking information and elucidation and measuring thoughts for job resolution. Harmonizing, on the other manus, refers to modulating the group position quo through mediation. Interaction direction is an person ‘s ability to take bends in treatment and novice and terminate interaction based on a moderately accurate appraisal of the demands and desires of others. Last, tolerance for ambiguity describes an person ‘s ability to â€Å" respond to new and equivocal state of affairss with small seeable uncomfortableness † . ( Ruben, 1976, pp. 339-341 ) From the observation Ruben was so able to operationalise the seven dimensions and utilize observation ( evaluation graduated tables ) for appraisal. Rubens theoretical account therefore was based on the definition that there is an result end for intercultural interactions, for illustration in a learning state of affairs for the person to understand a new construct. Ruben ‘s ( 1976 ) position, ICC consists of the â€Å" ability to map in a mode that is perceived to be comparatively consistent with the demands, capacities, ends, and outlooks of the persons in one ‘s environment while fulfilling one ‘s ain demands, capacities, ends, and outlooks † ( p. 336 ) . This ability is so assessed by detecting the persons actions as apposed to reading self studies by the person. A theoretical account such as Ruben ‘s asserts that there is end or stop point of intercultural interaction. For illustration from this definition the interculturally competent are able to keep interpersonal relationships. Therefore intercultural interactions can be define and successful or non towards a given end. Not merely does this go forth intercultural interactions open to manipulative behavior ( Rathje 2007 ) . Furthermore Herzog ( 2003 ) quoted by Rathje ( 2007 p 256 ) provinces that there dresss to be a deficiency of differentiation between competency and public presentation. Byram ( 1997 ) and Risager ( 2007 ) theorized a multidimensional theoretical account of intercultural competency which removes the importance placed on intercultural public presentation. Byram ‘s proposed a five factor theoretical account of intercultural competency ( shown in a diagram below ) Bryam Intercultural compotence.png Each ‘Savoir ‘ has their ain factors and definitions ; The attitude factor refers to the ability to relativise one ‘s ego and value others, and includes â€Å" wonder and openness, preparedness to suspend incredulity about other civilizations and belief about one ‘s ain † . Knowledge of one ‘s ego and others means cognition of the regulations for single and societal interaction and consists of cognizing societal groups and their patterns, both in one ‘s one civilization and in the other civilization. The first accomplishment set, the accomplishments of interpretation and relating, describes an person ‘s ability to construe, explicate, and relate events and paperss from another civilization to one ‘s ain civilization. The 2nd accomplishment set, the accomplishments of find and interaction, allows the person to get â€Å" new cognition of civilization and cultural patterns, † including the ability to utilize bing cognition, attitudes, and accomplishments in cross-cultural interactions. The last factor, critical cultural consciousness, describes the ability to utilize positions, patterns, and merchandises in one ‘s ain civilization and in other civilizations to do ratings. Byram ( 1997 ) pp 97-98 Byram added to his theoretical account with the interaction factor ( skis of find and interacting ) to include other communicating signifiers, verbal and non-verbal with the development of lingual, sociolinguistic and discourse competences. This theoretical accounts cardinal strengths lies in the demand of critical cultural consciousness. Whereas Ruben ‘s theoretical account merely aims to further successful intercultural by taking interactions with to understand and mimicking of the others civilization, Byram ‘s critical attack allows for persons to understand, interact with the other civilization, every bit good as, keeping house to their ain civilization with a critical oculus on both civilizations values. When applied to a learning state of affairs the theoretical account indicates that is larning is to be successful persons need to understand all Jesuss of the civilization of all persons whom are involved with the acquisition of a new construct. Byram ‘s theoretical account besides indicated that there is a continuum of being more interculturally competent as each of the ‘saviours ‘ is developed. However this theoretical account has been criticised as being excessively narrow by Risager ( 2007 ) . Risager argued that intercultural competency must included wide resources an single possesses every bit good as the narrow competencies that can be assessed. Risager developed her ain theoretical account with she claimed to be broader in range. The writer notes that in Risagers model the 10 elements outlined are mostly linked to lingual development and proficiencies ; Linguistic ( languastructural ) competency Languacultural competencies and resources: semantics and pragmatics Languacultural competencies and resources: poetics Languacultural competencies and resources: lingual individuality Translation and reading Interpreting texts ( discourses ) Use of ethnographic methods Multinational cooperation Knowledge of linguistic communication as critical linguistic communication consciousness, besides as a universe citizen Knowledge of civilization and society and critical cultural consciousness, besides as a universe citizen. ( Risager, 2007, p. 227 ) The thoughts from Byram ‘s theoretical account have been used to develop the intercultural competency appraisal ( INCA ) ( 2004 ) , an assessment tool for intercultural compotence. The INCA has utilized and developed the multidimensional theoretical account of Byram ‘s and other theoretical work ( quoted from INCA 2004 ) which include Kuhlmann & A ; Stahl ( 1998 ) every bit good as Muller-Jacquier ( 2000 ) to develop the appraisal. The INCA theoretical account has two sets of cardinal dimensions, one for the assessor and one for the testee, with three accomplishment degrees for each dimension ( basic, intermediate and full ) . The assessor looks for 6 different dimensions, as defined form the INCA assessor ‘s manual ; Tolerance for ambiguity is â€Å" the ability to accept deficiency of lucidity and ambiguity and to be able to cover with it constructively † . Behavioral flexibleness is â€Å" the ability to accommodate one ‘s ain behavior to different demands and state of affairss † . Communicative consciousness is â€Å" the ability [ aˆÂ ¦ ] to set up relationships between lingual looks and cultural contents, to place, and consciously work with, assorted communicative conventions of foreign spouses, and to modify correspondingly one ‘s ain linguistics signifiers of look † . Knowledge find is â€Å" the ability to get new cognition of a civilization and cultural patterns and the ability to move utilizing that cognition, those attitudes and those accomplishments under the restraints of real-time communicating and interaction † . Respect for distinctness is â€Å" the preparedness to suspend incredulity about other civilizations and belief about one ‘s ain † . Empathy is â€Å" the ability to intuitively understand what other people think and how they feel in concrete state of affairss † . From the testee ‘s point of position, intercultural competency consists of three dimensions, in a simplified version of the assessor ‘s theoretical account: Openness is the ability to â€Å" be unfastened to the other and to state of affairss in which something is done otherwise † ( regard for others + tolerance of ambiguity ) . Knowledge is the feature of â€Å" non merely want [ ing ] to cognize the ‘hard facts ‘ about a state of affairs or about a certain civilization, but besides want [ ing ] to cognize something about the feelings of the other individual † ( knowledge find + empathy ) . Adaptability describes the ability to â€Å" accommodate [ one ‘s ] behavior and [ one ‘s ] manner of communicating † ( behavioral flexibleness + communicative consciousness ) . This appraisal model explained the theory for each dimensions and besides gives concrete descriptions for each accomplishment degree. This is clearly a strong point for both the theoretical account and the assessment tool. There are besides other appraisal tools biased on Byram ‘s and Risager ‘s theoretical accounts ( intercultural sensitiveness index, Olson and Kroeger 2001 and Assessment of intercultural competency, Fantini 2006 ) . The cardinal factor that separates this work from that of Ruben ‘s is the accent on the acquisition of proficiency in the host civilization, which is beyond the ability to interact respectfully, non-judgmentally and efficaciously with the host civilization. Once allied to larning and development of intercultural competency both Byram ‘s and Risager ‘s theoretical account become comparatively hebdomad. Although the theoretical accounts have developed really strong and culturally dependable appraisal tools for intercultural competency, the theoretical accounts do little to bespeak the development of intercultural competency along a continuum. The theoretical accounts appear to demo that there is a either or inquiry to intercultural competency. Bennet ‘s ( 1993 ) theoretical account of intercultural competency nevertheless is more utile for instructors taking to develop intercultural competency. Bennett ( 1993 ) looked into intercultural competency with a different position than that of Byram ‘s. The development of intercultural competency ( shown in the diagram below ) developed a line drive phase theoretical account. Bennett theoretical account allows persons to travel up or down phases and individuality ‘s cardinal barriers to traveling into the following phase. Each phase has its effects on persons and therefore the larning capablenesss of the person. development of intercultrual sensitivy.bmp The first three phases, the ethnocentric phases, where the person ‘s civilization is the cardinal worldview have bit by bit less consequence on an person ‘s acquisition but still limited the effectivity of intercultural interactions and larning across intercultural boundary lines. In the first ethnocentric phase, denial, the single denies the difference or being of other civilizations by raising psychological or physical barriers in the signifiers of isolation and separation from other civilizations. In the 2nd ethnocentric phase, defence, the single reacts against the menace of other civilizations by minimizing the other civilizations ( negative stereotyping ) and advancing the high quality of one ‘s ain civilization. In some instances, the person undergoes a reversal stage, during which the worldview displacements from one ‘s ain civilization to the other civilization, and the ain civilization is capable to depreciation. Finally, in the 3rd ethnocentric phase, minimisation, the single acknowledges cultural differences on the surface but considers all civilizations as basically similar. The three ethnorelative phases of development lead to the acquisition of a more complex worldview in which civilizations are understood comparative to each other and actions are understood as culturally situated. During the credence stage, the single accepts and respects cultural differences with respect to behaviour and values. In the 2nd ethnorelative phase, version, the single develops the ability to switch his frame of mention to other culturally diverse worldviews through empathy and pluralism. In the last phase, integrating, the single expands and incorporates other worldviews into his ain worldview. While Bennett ‘s theoretical account for intercultural sensitiveness is extremely utile to pedagogues but it is note worthy that the theoretical account is non based on an specific empirical research. The theoretical account was developed from a land theory, that is to state, ‘using theoretical constructs to explicate a form that emerges from systematic observations ‘ ( Bennett 2004 ) . Mover over the theoretical account is biased on congestive constructivism that states persons build upon all experiences by puting them into forms or classs already within the person. More clearly, that we perceive event and construe them due to our ‘home ‘ civilization. Second that the development of intercultural sensitiveness in line drive. Although Bennett dose acknowledge that persons may travel frontward and backwards and any one point when developing intercultural sensitively frequently a cardinal review of line drive theoretical accounts. The theoretical account has been used by Bennett et Al ( 2003 ) with the development of the intercultural development stock list. This stock list is based on Bennett ‘s theoretical account of intercultural sensitiveness and is a development from an earlier stock list which was tested by Paige et Al ( 1999 quoted by Bennett 2003 page 426 ) and found ‘specific waies in farther development of the IDI ‘ ( Bennett et al 2003 ) . The stock list is a 50 point questionnaire biased on the classifications of responses by a broad scope of experts in the field of intercultural interactions on semi-structured interviews. The stock list is based on a 5 point graduated table response to inquiries. The research found the stock list to be valid and dependable across gender, societal, age and instruction populations. The writer acknowledges that the stock list has non as such been used to prove the intercultural sensitiveness theoretical account but notes that development of the stock list from the theoretical account which is dependable and valid across civilizations is a strong point of both the stock list and the theoretical account. Furthermore over the last 10 old ages the theoretical accounts has been used by other research workers in the development of appraisal tools ( Olson and Kroeger 2001 ) . Bennett dose non nevertheless see communicating in the development of intercultural sensitiveness instead as a developmental scheme particularly in the ethnorelative phases ; Participants traveling out of credence are eager to use their cognition of cultural differences to existent face-to-face communicating. Therefore, now is the clip to supply chances for interaction. These activities might include couples with other-culture spouses, facilitated multicultural group treatments, or outside assignments affecting interviewing of people from other culturesaˆÂ ¦ communicating pattern could mention to homestays or developing friendly relationships in the other civilization. ( Bennett, 1993, pp. 58-59 ) Recently nevertheless, these theoretical accounts ( Byram and Bennett ) have been accused of being subjective have frequently been subjective and limited by the civilizations of the persons involved in their conceptualisation and appraisal ( Arasaratnam and Doerfel 2005 ) . Arasaratnam and Doerfel ( 2005 ) call for a culture-wide theoretical account of intercultural communicating competency. Arasaratnam and Doerfel use a bottom-up attack with the theoretical account developed though interviews. They interviewed 37 interculturally competent participants from a university in the USA. The participants were from a big international background ( 14 from counties outside of the USA ) . The pupils were chosen for the engagement in international pupil organisations, analyze aboard plans and international friendship/host plans. The interviews followed a semi structured method utilizing prompts to prosecute the participants, such as, Can you identify some qualities or facets of people who are competent in intercultural communicating? The informations semantic analysed to uncover four or dominant bunchs of words for each prompt. From this analysis Arasaratnam and Doerfel identified 10 alone dimensions in intercultural communicative competency ( see appendix 2 ) Heterogeneity, Transmission, Other-centered, Observant, Motivation, Sensitivity, Respect, Relational, Investing Appropriateness This theoretical account has non been used to develop any appraisal tools but it noteworthy for the attack of being based on dimensions of persons deemed to be interculturllay competent. To add to this theoretical account Rathje 2007 farther proposes that the civilization can be defined as coherence based construct. Rathje argues for a new definition of civilization off from chauvinistic definitions. Quoting Hasen ( 2000 ) Rathje states that ‘cultures merely be within human collectives ‘ ( pp 261 ) and that many civilizations occur within boundary lines be that with a local football nine or within one category room to anther within a school. Hansen ( 2000 paraphrased by Rathje 2007 ) differences allow for the creative activity of persons within a civilization. Therefore civilizations are made up of known differences that are finite and known. The differences within a civilization will differ from civilization to civilization. Persons are different from the norm of a civilization but the differences are known to the human collective, ‘individuals traits and features however perceptibly mention to his cultural rank ‘ ( Rathje 2007 ) . Culture is at that place for the apprehension or cognition of differences within a given civilization that defines cultural rank. For illustration a pupil might cognize that one pupil likes to speak while working on a scientific discipline experiment while another dosage non. Both pupils are members of the schoolroom civilization and know of the differences in their attacks to experiments. Applied to intercultural competency this definition means that unknown differences within a civilization must to cognize, bespeaking that there is a cognizable facet to intercultural competency. If during intercultural interactions an person in understand and cognizing the know difference of another civilization the person is so bring forthing a new civilization them self. What Rathje 2007 is saying that during intercultural interaction and when deriving intercultural competency persons are really organizing a new civilization to add to the figure of civilizations that the person is already a member. When a pupil walks into a new schoolroom with a unfamiliar category and teacher the pupil is so in an intercultural environment. Rathje would reason for the pupil to interact and be successful within the environment the person must first organize a new civilization with the current civilization of the schoolroom. ‘Intercultural competency is best characterise hence, by the transmutation of intercultural interaction into civilization itself ‘ ( Rathje 2007 p263 ) . This statement nevertheless is non without its floors its ego. In making an excess civilization outside of either persons ‘home ‘ civilizations dose this non lead to assimilation of both civilizations into a ace civilization made up of both sets of civilizations. Rathje is hence bespeaking that persons who are extremely successful and intercultural interactions ( or larning ) are persons who are really good at developing civilization. What so given all the theoretical accounts proposed are the applications for instructors whom develop the learning civilization for the pupils? So how is civilization developed? Socialization theoretical account†¦ .. Development of a culture- soclization theory. Link to other theorys of learing, societal learing theory and criteci with congtnive acquisition theorys Applications for teacher- decision. Culture shock- and anxtiy decrease theorys? ? ?

Grimms Fairy Tales and Other Versions

Grimms Fairy Tales and Other Versions The subject of fairy tales is a fascinating one, particularly Grimms fairy tales. Many of the most popular fairy tales of today developed centuries ago and have evolved over time into stories for children. Thanks to a number of research projects and the resulting online and print resources, we now have the opportunity to learn more. Why were Grimms fairy tales so grim? Are many of todays fairy tales pale imitations of the originals? How many different versions of such popular fairy tales as Cinderella and Snow White are there? How have these stories changed, and how have they remained the same, as they have been interpreted in different cultures and countries? Where can you find information on fairy tales for children from around the world? If this is a subject that interests you, here are some sites that should appeal to you: The Brothers Grimm An article about Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in National Geographic makes the point that the brothers did not set out to create a childrens collection of fairy tales. Instead, they set out to preserve Germanys oral tradition by collecting stories told to them, in other words, folklore. Not until several editions of their collection were published did the brothers realize that children were to be a major audience. According to the article, Once the Brothers Grimm sighted this new public, they set about refining and softening their tales, which had originated centuries earlier as earthy peasant fare. Some of the most well-known fairy tales can be found in Grimms Fairy Tales, as the English-language version was called. You may have already shared many of them with your child and have several books of fairy tales first found in Grimms Fairy Tales. These include Cinderella, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, Hansel and Gretel, and Rapunzel. For more information about the brothers and the stories they collected, visit: Grimm Brothers Home Page:  Scroll down the sites table of contents. Youll find it provides a chronology of the brothers lives, information on their major publications, and links to articles, electronic texts, and studies of some of their stories.Grimms Fairy Tales:  Here you will find online versions, text only, of about 90 fairy tales. The Story of Cinderella The story of Cinderella has generated hundreds, some say thousands, of versions around the world.  The Cinderella Project is a text and image archives drawn from the deGrummond Childrens Literature Research collection at the University of Southern Mississippi. The dozen versions of the tale that are online come from the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Michael N. Salda serves as the editor of the project. If you are interested in more research, check out the following sites: The Cinderella Bibliography:  This site, from Russell Peck, a professor in the Department of English at the University of Rochester, provides a great deal of information about online resources, modern adaptations, basic European texts, and much more.Cinderella Stories:  The Childrens Literature Web Guide at the University of Calgary provides information on Internet resources, reference books, and articles, as well as a bibliography of childrens books.If you are looking for recommended fairy tale books for your child, you will find the resources helpful in the Fairy Tales section of About.com Childrens Books. Are there versions of Grimms and other fairy tales that you and/or your children have particularly enjoyed? Share your recommendations by posting a message on the About Childrens Books Forum.

Prostitution in Cuba essays

Prostitution in Cuba essays Despite Castros effort to reduce prostitution and sex tourism, these problems still remain in Cuba. Many articles report that these efforts have not helped because of other regulations around the world. A John Hopkins University report says Canadian and American tourists have contributed to a sharp increase in child prostitution and exploitation of women in Cuba (due to) a current drop in political restriction on travel to Cuba and a crackdown on sex tourism in Southeast Asia (Calzon). These factors have encouraged more tourists to travel to Cuba for sex because they know that Castro will allow them to get away with it. American policy towards Cuba is another factor that has influenced the continual increase in prostitution in Cuba. Castro has been able to use the United States policy to build hostility against the US to justify actions that are not helping Cuba at all. This hostility increases the fear of ordinary Cubans that the US might invade or that right-wing Cuban-American exiles will return from Miami to Havana and take back their property (Esler). Esler went on to say that year on year the conditions for ordinary Cubans get worse, rations down, prostitution up. Tourism, of course, also plays a big role in the staying power of prostitution. With so many people coming to Cuba for this reason, it is difficult to stop an industry which helps the economy so much. The New Republic reported in June 2000 that the government has even begun referring to these women as promoters of tourism (Kielly). Other than for sex, it is thought that few people would visit Cuba if given the chance. The sex, of course, is what most of the tourists come to Havana for. Have no doubts about this. Theyre not here to show solidarity with 40 years of continuous revolution, or to study architecture, and they certainly arent here for the food (Kielly). ...

Artificial Intelligence of Machines

The artificial field of research was first proposed in a conference in the year 1956 which was later proceed by different studies. The evolution of the artificial Intelligence can be found millennia ago with the development of the human civilization. In the dawn of 19 th century, William Paley first argued about the requirement of the intelligent designers which are needed for the development of the complex adaptive system. One of very first papers on the machine Intelligence names computing Machinery and Intelligence was written by the British mathematician Alan Turing (Turing, 1950). He started to research over the computable numbers and in the year 1937 he has proposed central limit theorem and wrote about the computable numbers where he has proposed the concept of universal machine. This was used by the British Intelligence in during the Second World War to break the German coded Messages. Successful completion of the artificial Intelligence we need two things, which are artifac ts and the intelligence (Negnevitsky, 2005). The computer is considered as artifacts and best equipment which can demonstrate the intelligence. The first operational modern computer was Heath Robinson in the year 1940; this was built by the team of Alan Turing’s team. In later years many vacuum tubes used Computers came into existence also some programmable computers like German Z-3 computers.   The first breakthrough was the IBM 701 which was the most successful General purpose digital computer. This computer became a successful invention in the decade and yielded billions of dollars as revenue for the IBM.   This led to the revolution in the computer industry and companies started to spend over the research on the most improved version of the computer system (Specter, 2006).   Generation based computer development led to the development of the more improved and developed computer system. The most improved version is the 5 th generation of computers which we are using nowadays and, this has the capability calculate a large number of algorithms at a time.   The development of the Software system can’t be ignored as this made a significant impact on the development of the Artificial Intelligence.   In a time frame, the evolution of the artificial Intelligence ranges from the year 1950 to 2015. 1950- Alan turning Turing published the first paper about the artificial Intelligence and stated the possibility of the machines with Intelligence.   Alan and team also introduce the first computer which they have used in World War 2 for decoding German messages.   This led to the invention of the Vacuum pipe based computer system (Russel, 2003). 1956-      John McCarthy first established the Artificial Intelligence research field in a conference. This was stated here and lead to the establishment of research field regarding the Artificial Intelligence. This conference was attended by many types of research. 1995- US department of defiance first used UAV in Balkan war. The predator drone was equipped with Artificial Intelligence system and this led to further development in this field.    1997 - IBM Deep blue AI system wins a chess match against world champion Gary Kasparov. 2011- Debut of Virtual personal assistance like SIRI and Cortana.   SIRI and CORTANA are two personal assistant robots which are developed by Apple Inc. and Microsoft   Corp. 2011 - IBM Watson computer defeats Jeopardy game show champion. Oct 2013 - Vicarious breaks any Captcha and passed the Turing test. Jan 2014 - Deep mind teams created a program which won the Atari Games. May 2015 - Google started the self-driven cars, which are considered as a revolution in human history.   This project is still in development phase and its considered as the next generation machine with Intelligence. Jun 2015 - Facebook detects launches moments which can detect faces and make a gallery with tagging the friends whom they know. The timeline describes the real changes which have occurred since the evolution of the Artificial Intelligence. As this is considered that artificial intelligence consists of developing human intelligence and rationality in the machines so we must talk about the human civilization development.    Artificial Intelligence exists in our day to day life, the spell checker which is used by the computers and automatic spelling correction are few examples which we can count. A machine with Artificial Intelligence or we can say that a machine with the self-thinking and analyzing ability is somewhat equal to the normal human being. We use SIRI in our day to day life for personal assistance; the SIRI is a personal assistant for us. This is a robot with own thinking ability and it's designed to solve our issues related to different dimensions. A mining robot goes into the deep ocean and explores the possibility of the existence of oil and minerals inside the sea surface which are a difficult task for a human being meanwhile NASA is extensively using robots with self-intelligence for the Space missions. Reasoning and Logic: This is considered as one of the basic needs of the Artificial Intelligence. This is considered as the inbuilt ability of the Artificial Intelligence, which means the machines can do reasoning and produce logic as we humans do.   Machines with intelligence are being used in a security system as well as in the defense program by the governments around the world. The present Black Hawk MK 2 predator drone which was developed by the US Department of Defense and this is being used for different purposes. The machines are programmed to do as a specific task which is assigned to do. The accuracy and the time efficiency are considered as major parts (Poole, 1998). Artificial intelligence and their application in our day to day life are increasing significantly. Nowadays with the greater research and development in the computer as well as in the software system is making it more users friendly and advanced.   AI is being used in the Games where the opponents are programmed and they can take own moves as per requirements.   Machine learning is another thing which can be seen in the artificial intelligence; robots are dancing over the music beats and giving expression. The same applies when robots are playing football like we play with certain moves. This defines the ability of machine learning; these machines are programmed so that they can do certain tasks with more accuracy and with more efficiency at less time (Bundy, 1980). In the 21 st century the computer system, as well as the software system, is developing at a greater pace which is considered as host and mind in the Artificial intelligence. The advantages of Artificial Intelligence: The disadvantages of the artificial intelligence: In this assignment, I have discussed the Artificial Intelligence. Artificial system is a revolutionary development in human history which consists of philosophy, behavior and the technological advancement generation by generations.   In this assignment, I conclude that Artificial Intelligence is an ongoing development in the present human generation which will define the future of the human-made technology. The present artificial Intelligence contains the roots from last 2000 years when human civilizations started to define the behavior and philosophy. I have also discussed the Evolution of the Computer system as well as the Artificial Intelligence; this was first started in 1951 by the British scientist Turing which is later preceded by different researchers and scientists. The evolution process also contains the development of the digital computer and the software. I have also mentioned the ability of the Artificial Intelligence, what this technology can do and where we are using this technology. The pros and cons are also stated in the assignment. These advantages and Disadvantages are something which is needed to be addressed properly. Especially, the impacts of the artificial Intelligence over the Human thinking and working ability. Being too much dependable over the artificial intelligence and technology will make us lazy and dependable over the technology. This will also affect our capabilities, so we need to address these issues to improve the situation which we may face. Crevier, Daniel (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd Nilsson, Nils (2009). The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements. New York: Cambridge University Press Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press Spector, (2012), Evolution of artificial intelligence, ELSEVIER Journal Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Charniak, D. McDermott, (1985), Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley Dean, J. Allen, Y. Aloimonos, (1995), Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Practice, Benjamin/Cummings, New York Lara, (2015), What Can Artificial Intelligence Do For Us? Retrieved from https://thegreatiproject.com/what-can-artificial-intelligence-do-for-us/ N.J. Nilsson, (1998), Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco Howe, J. (November 1994). "Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective" Haugeland, John (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press Lohn, G.S. Hornby, D. Linden, An evolved antenna for deployment on NASA’s space technology 5 mission Yu, B. Worzel (Eds.), (2004) Genetic Programming Theory and Practice II, Springer, New York Poli, W.B. Langdon, (2006) Backward-chaining evolutionary algorithms, Artificial Intelligence P.H. Winston, (1984), Artificial Intelligence, second ed., Addison-Wesley A.M. Turing, (1992),   Intelligent machinery, in D.C. Ince (Ed.), Collected Works of A.M. Turing: Mechanical Intelligence, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam Abelson, H. and DiSessa, A. (1981). Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Abramson, H., and Rogers, M.H. (Eds.) (1989). Meta-Programming in Logic Programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Western Australia economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Western Australia economy - Essay Example The economy of Western Australia is rich in resources.The development of economy of this State has been highly influenced by resources boom since 1890s.During the past few years,the industry of Western Australia’s resources had enjoyed excellent conditions instigated by its prevailing commodities’ demand in the international market The objective of this paper is to evaluate the probable effect of the commodity market boom in the Western Australian economy’s sector of the iron ore. The iron ore production in the Western Australian economy explicates 97% of total production in Australia. Most of the iron ore produced in Australia is predominantly exported to Asian market. Following the speedy growth during the last ten years in mainland China, Australian iron ore’s export market has significantly developed in China. This information is evident from the export amount in the year 2010 that amounted to 70 percent of the total iron ore in Australia. The followin g diagram represents the export figures of iron ore from Australia to the Asian market as compared to the rest of the world2. Source: 2. Effect of Increase in Demand for Iron-Ore in Western Australian Economy The production factor of iron ore in the Western Australian economy is primarily dependent on the demand prevailing in the Chinese market for iron ore. Development in the Chinese construction and industry sector is the major cause of increased demand of iron ore in China. As a result of the demand prevailing in China for iron ore with the expectations of even higher demand in the near future, the prices in the Australian iron ore will attain all time high this year, i.e., in 2011. According to the market expectations in Australia, the spot market price on an average for iron ore in the year 2011 would increase to US$153-US$154 from US$146 in the year 2010. The expected price increase for iron ore is generated by the steel output in higher amount due to increasing demand in the growing economy of China3. Source:4 The above figure illustrates the production of crude steel on a monthly basis in different countries. The illustration reveals that the steel production in China has been the highest compared to other countries of the world. From meeting up the demand for iron ore from the Asian market, especially China, Australian manufacturers are producing iron ore by utilizing their maximum capacity for exports. In this scenario, production of the optimum level of output for satisfying the international market’s demand is a matter of concern for the Australian manufacturers of iron ore. As the demand at present in the Asian market is expected to remain constant or even increase in the coming 15 years, the only concern for Australian market is to bank upon the amount of production5. The theory of isoquants and isocosts is applicable for this Australian scenario regarding the production of the optimum quality pertaining to the prevailing demand in the Asi an market. A clearer prospect of the theories can be evolved after explanation of the input requirements in the commodity production with reference to the input demand and prices. The most important inputs for production of iron-ore in Australia are capital and labor. As the concern for the Australian market is to produce maximum amount of iron ore through finding the optimum combination of the inputs required for production, implementation of the concept of isoquants would be most helpful for the economy. An isoquant is that curve which depicts all efficient combination of inputs such as capital and labor by considering their technological efficiency. The quantity to be produced remains constant, but the combinations of

Travel industry in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Travel industry in Europe - Essay Example This essay tells that the popularity of British Airways was since the year 1974 after the combination of British overseas airways corporation and the British European Airways Corporation. Since its formation it has been one of the primary airlines in UK and Europe. Since its inception it has been the largest airline based on the fleet size and in respect of the number of passengers in UK as well. It serves a massive number of 150 destinations. The organization has been able to perform consistently over the years and has been one of the major profit making organizations in the airline industry. The operational excellence of the British airways can be linked to the fact that it has successfully implemented the 24 hour IT system. Besides this it has gained significant achievement within its community, market place and workplace. Other than being the largest airline in Britain it has contributed significantly in donations and has devised proper training strategies for noise reductions in the flights. British airways have also developed a lot with respect to the infrastructure. The new terminal 5 has been delivering fantastic service for the airlines and has benefitted the passengers as well. The overall organizational efficiency gained by the organization can be contributed to variety of factors. The general study in management reflects that there are various factors which lead to the operational efficiency of an organization.... Besides this it has gained significant achievement within its community, market place and workplace. Other than being the largest airline in Britain it has contributed significantly in donations and has devised proper training strategies for noise reductions in the flights. British airways have also developed a lot with respect to the infrastructure. The new terminal 5 has been delivering fantastic service for the airlines and has benefitted the passengers as well. (Overview – achievements, n. d) The overall organizational efficiency gained by the organization can be contributed to variety of factors. The general study in management reflects that there are various factors which lead to the operational efficiency of an organization. Research studies reflect that the prime factors leading to operational effectiveness are organization culture, organization operation, and organizational leadership. The paper analyzes each of the above mentioned factors with respect to the British airways. Leadership: The theory of leadership deals with managing a team of people for attaining a common set of goals. In British airways the organization opts for various leadership development programs. The leadership development program focuses on various issues like leaders will skill and commitment. The leaders will helps to identify the willingness of the leader to deliver according to reach the business benefits. The skill assessment measures the current level of skill the leader’s posses and the styles adopted by them to make it an effective learning process. Management ways of the organization emphasizes upon the manager’s response to obeying of

HR and CSR connection (Project Proposal) Term Paper

HR and CSR connection (Project Proposal) - Term Paper Example The human resource departments within Qatar Shell are responsible for ensuring that their employee’s rights, development along with personal wants. This has brought about an increase in the moral responsibility in the corporation. The human resource department’s within Qatar Shell are credited with bringing success in the form of competitive advantages along with their international businesses (Linnenluecke &Griffiths, 2009). Qatar Shell’s CSR involves building the rights along with duties that exist between it and their neighboring families. The omission of observing corporate rules within Qatar Shell is not punishable by the law in the land but brings adverse effects to the organization. The responsibilities in Qatar Shell have had major impacts on areas such as the business missions, their operations, management along with marketing fields. In addition, Qatar Shell’s participation in corporate social responsibilities helps in making improvements in their corporate reputations (Jackson, 2011). The key to success in the implementation of an organizations corporate social responsibility is dependent on the policies along with practices that their human resource departments have adopted. The policies that the human resource departments within an organization which engage their CSR’s usually give positive impacts on the attitudes, their work performances along with behaviors. Such move s usually have positive impacts on an organizations performance (Linnenluecke & Griffiths, 2009). The human resource departments within Qatar Shell usually play an important part in improving the performance and image of an organization. The departments are responsible for deploying sufficient staff; participate in the planning along with the implementation of an organizations CSR policies and programs. The objectives of an organization’s CSR are aimed at addressing the

Travel industry in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Travel industry in Europe - Essay Example This essay tells that the popularity of British Airways was since the year 1974 after the combination of British overseas airways corporation and the British European Airways Corporation. Since its formation it has been one of the primary airlines in UK and Europe. Since its inception it has been the largest airline based on the fleet size and in respect of the number of passengers in UK as well. It serves a massive number of 150 destinations. The organization has been able to perform consistently over the years and has been one of the major profit making organizations in the airline industry. The operational excellence of the British airways can be linked to the fact that it has successfully implemented the 24 hour IT system. Besides this it has gained significant achievement within its community, market place and workplace. Other than being the largest airline in Britain it has contributed significantly in donations and has devised proper training strategies for noise reductions in the flights. British airways have also developed a lot with respect to the infrastructure. The new terminal 5 has been delivering fantastic service for the airlines and has benefitted the passengers as well. The overall organizational efficiency gained by the organization can be contributed to variety of factors. The general study in management reflects that there are various factors which lead to the operational efficiency of an organization.... Besides this it has gained significant achievement within its community, market place and workplace. Other than being the largest airline in Britain it has contributed significantly in donations and has devised proper training strategies for noise reductions in the flights. British airways have also developed a lot with respect to the infrastructure. The new terminal 5 has been delivering fantastic service for the airlines and has benefitted the passengers as well. (Overview – achievements, n. d) The overall organizational efficiency gained by the organization can be contributed to variety of factors. The general study in management reflects that there are various factors which lead to the operational efficiency of an organization. Research studies reflect that the prime factors leading to operational effectiveness are organization culture, organization operation, and organizational leadership. The paper analyzes each of the above mentioned factors with respect to the British airways. Leadership: The theory of leadership deals with managing a team of people for attaining a common set of goals. In British airways the organization opts for various leadership development programs. The leadership development program focuses on various issues like leaders will skill and commitment. The leaders will helps to identify the willingness of the leader to deliver according to reach the business benefits. The skill assessment measures the current level of skill the leader’s posses and the styles adopted by them to make it an effective learning process. Management ways of the organization emphasizes upon the manager’s response to obeying of

ASSESS THE VIEW THAT REFORMING THE REGULATION OF PRIVATE SECURITY Essay

ASSESS THE VIEW THAT REFORMING THE REGULATION OF PRIVATE SECURITY INDUSTRY IS USELESS, WHAT IS REQUIRED IS DEREGULATION - Essay Example This paper will explain why this measure is counterproductive both for the public and for the industry. The SIA was created under the Private Security Industry Act 2001. The law provides two mandates for the agency: 1) the licensing, regulation, monitoring, inspection of private security workers and organisations; and, 2) the management of the Approved Contractor Scheme, a voluntary assessment mechanism designed to evaluate the quality and performance of private security suppliers (PSIA 2001) Art 1(2). The statute was enacted in response to the widespread criminality in Britain in the early 2000 involving contract security guards, bouncers, among other workers for security firms (Travis 2012). With the passage of the law and the creation of the SIA, the private security industry employees require license to practice or operate. A criminal background check is also mandatory for such license. This is the same for organisations. Stringent checks, evaluation, monitoring and assessment mechanisms are in place, making it possible to deter criminality involving people or groups belonging to the industry. For supporters of the regulation, the law and the mandate of the SIA are even considered insufficient. For example, many believed that the system is too narrow since it excludes many sectors in the security industry like security systems installers and in-house guards (Jones, 2006, p.43). There are those who also point out that the law lacks teeth because of the voluntary nature of the regulation wherein private security firms are not mandated to follow regulation or be subjected to SIA control in several aspects of their operations. The arguments brought forward by these criticisms reveal how the law and the SIA are important and are even lacking in many respects. It underpins the fundamental argument that this governmental

HR and CSR connection (Project Proposal) Term Paper

HR and CSR connection (Project Proposal) - Term Paper Example The human resource departments within Qatar Shell are responsible for ensuring that their employee’s rights, development along with personal wants. This has brought about an increase in the moral responsibility in the corporation. The human resource department’s within Qatar Shell are credited with bringing success in the form of competitive advantages along with their international businesses (Linnenluecke &Griffiths, 2009). Qatar Shell’s CSR involves building the rights along with duties that exist between it and their neighboring families. The omission of observing corporate rules within Qatar Shell is not punishable by the law in the land but brings adverse effects to the organization. The responsibilities in Qatar Shell have had major impacts on areas such as the business missions, their operations, management along with marketing fields. In addition, Qatar Shell’s participation in corporate social responsibilities helps in making improvements in their corporate reputations (Jackson, 2011). The key to success in the implementation of an organizations corporate social responsibility is dependent on the policies along with practices that their human resource departments have adopted. The policies that the human resource departments within an organization which engage their CSR’s usually give positive impacts on the attitudes, their work performances along with behaviors. Such move s usually have positive impacts on an organizations performance (Linnenluecke & Griffiths, 2009). The human resource departments within Qatar Shell usually play an important part in improving the performance and image of an organization. The departments are responsible for deploying sufficient staff; participate in the planning along with the implementation of an organizations CSR policies and programs. The objectives of an organization’s CSR are aimed at addressing the

ASSESS THE VIEW THAT REFORMING THE REGULATION OF PRIVATE SECURITY Essay

ASSESS THE VIEW THAT REFORMING THE REGULATION OF PRIVATE SECURITY INDUSTRY IS USELESS, WHAT IS REQUIRED IS DEREGULATION - Essay Example This paper will explain why this measure is counterproductive both for the public and for the industry. The SIA was created under the Private Security Industry Act 2001. The law provides two mandates for the agency: 1) the licensing, regulation, monitoring, inspection of private security workers and organisations; and, 2) the management of the Approved Contractor Scheme, a voluntary assessment mechanism designed to evaluate the quality and performance of private security suppliers (PSIA 2001) Art 1(2). The statute was enacted in response to the widespread criminality in Britain in the early 2000 involving contract security guards, bouncers, among other workers for security firms (Travis 2012). With the passage of the law and the creation of the SIA, the private security industry employees require license to practice or operate. A criminal background check is also mandatory for such license. This is the same for organisations. Stringent checks, evaluation, monitoring and assessment mechanisms are in place, making it possible to deter criminality involving people or groups belonging to the industry. For supporters of the regulation, the law and the mandate of the SIA are even considered insufficient. For example, many believed that the system is too narrow since it excludes many sectors in the security industry like security systems installers and in-house guards (Jones, 2006, p.43). There are those who also point out that the law lacks teeth because of the voluntary nature of the regulation wherein private security firms are not mandated to follow regulation or be subjected to SIA control in several aspects of their operations. The arguments brought forward by these criticisms reveal how the law and the SIA are important and are even lacking in many respects. It underpins the fundamental argument that this governmental